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luke
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MYOCAVE for fixing by concave lens HYPERVEX- fix by convex lens Chapter 17 2 Types of Glands 1. exocrine these glands have ducts, non-hormonal 2. endocrine glands ductless, hormones are released into blood stream, example is the pancreas: Pancreas releases hormone insulin which increases blood glucose levels Pancreas and gonads can function as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The pancreas (digestive system) acts as an endocrine gland by releasing insulin, but acts as an exocrine when dealing with digestion. When a hormone is released from an endocrine gland it can only have an affect on a target organ if the target organ has a receptor located on it to which the hormone can bind down regulation hormone and receptor dont bind which has no effect on target organ. Up Regulation is when receptor binds to hormone which effects the target organ. Endocrine Gland is Stimulated to Produce a Hormone by: 1. hormonal factor Hypothalmus in connection to the pituitary: (hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine organ that produces ADH and oxytocin) It has a stalk of nervous tissues called the posterior pituitary stalk. The posterior pituitary stalk made of nervous tissue cannot produce hormones but stores/releases and secretes hormones, i.e. ADH and oxytocin. . 2. humoral factor deal with ions Ca++, Na+, and K+; blood calcium levels are high, stimulates thyroid hormone to release calcitonin and calcium went from blood to bone. 3. neural factor sympathetic nervous system, biogenic amines and catecholamines; dopamine, neuropeniphrine and epinephrine. Neurotransmitters that are also hormones. The adrenal medulla (inner portion of adrenal gland) is going to release neuroepinephrine and epinephrine causing a stress response. Anterior and Posterior Pituitary 1. anterior pituitary also called adenohyophysis (glandular tissue) can produce hormones 2. posterior pituitary also called the neurohyophysis (neural tissue) this cannot produce hormones but it can store and release them. ADH and oxytocin which were produced by the hypothalamus can be released by the posterior pituitary how is the anterior pituitary important: if it produces hormone, which ones does it produce and how are the (2) types separated there are 6 hormones in total, 4 are trophic and 2 are non-trophic. [trophic hormones are hormones that are produced by an endocrine gland and may have an affect on another endocrine gland) Trophic vs. Non-trophic (produced by the anterior pituitary) Non-trophic 1. growth hormone (GH) 2. prolactin increase and decrease during pregnancy. At the end of pregnancy there is an increase, it stimulates mamillary glands to produce milk Trophic 1. TSH thyroid stimulating hormone 2.
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