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¡°Examination the evidences that work practices influence gender attitudes in Organisations today¡±
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Contents. 1. Introduction. [page ii] (The new reality.) 2. Unequal character of gender relationship through historical view. [page iii] (Real example.) 3. Gender discrimination . Breakpoints. [page iv] (Definition. Basis and types of gender discrimination. Why it still exist?) 4. Conclusion. [page vii] (Phobias. Thinking about Men & Gender Equality.) 5. References and bibliography. [page ix] 6. Appendix. Introduction. Today women make up 45 percent of the world's workforce. Women in developing countries work an average of 60 to 90 hours per week. Ninety percent of the 27 million workers in export processing zones are women. In 10 years, 80 percent of all women in industrialised countries and 70 percent of all women globally will work outside of the home. Women have transformed the labour markets of the world. In many countries the increasing labour force participation of women is driving employment trends. The activity rates of males are declining while those of females are increasing. The structural transformation of economies, demographic change, informalisation and new notions of working time have redefined working and living conditions for both women and men. But gender inequality is sometimes built into labour institutions. Social security systems, for instance, frequently assume that the breadwinner of the family is male. Labour market segmentation along gender lines generates structural wage differences between men and women that are difficult to address through conventional labour market policy. Unequal character of gender relationship through historical view. In the 19th century upper class and middle class women were not expected to earn their own living. women rarely had careers and most professions refused entry to women. In the middle of the 19th century it was virtually impossible for women to become doctors, engineers, architects, accountants or bankers. After a long struggle the medical profession allowed women to become doctors. Even so, by 1900 there were only 200 women doctors. It was not until 1910 that women were allowed to become accountants and bankers. However, there were still no women diplomats, barristers or judges. Women were allowed to become teachers. In 1861 over 72% of teachers were women, but teaching was a low status job and was also very badly paid. Remember when ... a woman doctor was a rarity? When Elizabeth Blackwell of Cincinnati applied to medical school in 1847, she was laughed at and advised to wear men's clothes and take an assumed name in order to gain admission. Ignoring this, she persisted and earned a medical degree. Despite Blackwell's achievements, women with doctoring ambitions were considered cranks, freaks, or oddities not so many years ago. They actually declined from 6 percent of medical students in 1900 to 4 percent by 1930, the result of an informal quota system. In those decades, few hospitals accepted women as interns. In 1948, Medical Economics asked 100-plus hospital chiefs of staff "What Do You Think of Women Doctors?" Only 36 percent gave unqualified approval. The balance rated them as "adequate, middling, passable, unsatisfactory, or just plain 'ouch!'" In 1961 the dean of one medical school proudly told The New York Times, "Hell, yes, we have a quota; yes, it's a small one.
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