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Down Syndrome Overview Down syndrome, also called Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the cells of a baby’s body. This extra chromosome is often caused by an abnormal cell division of the egg, even before conception occurs. This extra chromosome can also be caused by abnormal cell division in the sperm prior to conception or in the fertilized egg after conception. This extra chromosome results in alterations of the development of baby’s brain and body and causes physical features such as flat face, small ears and mouth, and broad hands and feet. Mild to moderate mental retardation is another symptom of Down syndrome. In fact, it is the leading cause of retardation in the United States. Developmental disabilities may be caused by mental retardation, reduced muscle tone, problems processing information in the brain, and hear loss; all of which are caused by Down syndrome. Heart defects, intestinal problems, and ear and respiratory infections are another aspect of Down syndrome. In past years, these often caused the premature death of children with Down syndrome who had been placed in institutions.
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