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phermones
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The term “pheromone” comes from the Greek word “pherein” which means to carry, and “hormon” means to excite. Pheromones are chemical messengers that are transported outside the body, which makes them an ecto-hormone. Theses pheromones then can cause physiological and/ or behavioral responses. The olfactory bulb is where the axons of the sensory cells enter. Humans have about 10 million olfactory receptor cells. The VNO functions as a pheromone detector. This system allows olfactory stimuli to influence emotions. Pheromone communication is done with out consciousness, but when produced in high concentration they may have a conscious effect on others. Human pheromones can be divided into two groups “signal” and “primer”. Signal pheromones cause short-term changes. Signal pheromone activates a behavior response. Primer pheromones cause long-term changes. They do this by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The primer pheromone allows LH/FSH hormones to be in ratio and provides the production of Testosterone and Estrogen. All of this is happens due to the GnRH effects from the primer pheromone. Using a scan of a human’s brain it was found that if males smell a compound like estrogen that there is an increased blood flow to part of the hypothalamus. In women there is no increased blood flow when an estrogen compound is smelled. An androgen like testosterone increased blood flow in females to a part of the hypothalamus but did not have that effect on males. There are many places in the human body that produce an odor. There are glands all over the body. The most concentrated glands are in areas that are moist. Underarms, mouth, feet, genital areas eyelids and outer ear are all areas where odor can be produced. Bacteria and the density of microorganisms interacting with skin and other gland secretions on different areas on the body cause odor. Apocrine glands are the primary source of pheromone production. These glands develop during the embryo stage of pregnancy and they only become active when puberty starts.
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