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Wad Ever
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Neobehaviorism Logical Positivism, Operationalism, and Physicalism • Positivism o Recall Comte's radical empiricism Can only understand the world by avoiding metaphysical explanations o Ernst Mach emphasized the importance of the observer's perceptions in science But, he too argued that one must not go beyond one's observations o Both Comte and Mach argued for data collection only (like Bacon) and the avoidance of theory • Logical Positivism o Comte's and Mach's position was hard to hold in light of physical concepts like gravity, electricity, and other forces o Logical positivism provided a way out by postulating: empirical science theoretical science o The science of science (S.S. Stevens) o Logical positivism became the lingua franca of neobehaviorism • Operationism o Percy W. Bridgman's Logic of Modern Physics was extremely influential in promoting operationism o Bridgman argued that every abstract concept in physics could be operationally defined o Operational definitions define a concept by the procedures which produce it i.e., hunger, love? • Physicalism o Belief that all sciences are the same o That physics is the best model for all science • Neobehaviorism o Methodological behaviorism nearly all psychologists o Operational behaviorism restrictive form of behaviorism hewed to the operational definition o Radical behaviorism Skinner's twist on operationism Redefines environment to include one's inner environment o Cognitive behaviorism Tolman's purposive behaviorism Assumed animals had intentions o Assumptions of Neobehaviorism Theorizing must follow dictates of logical positivism Theoretical terms must be operationally defined Animals should be used as primary subjects Learning is main subject matter of psychology Neobehaviorists • Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959)) o Life Raised as a Quaker MIT undergrad Harvard Ph.D.
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